Published on 06-May-2023
Feature |
DNA |
RNA |
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Definition | DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a double-stranded nucleic acid that contains the genetic information of an organism. | RNA, or ribonucleic acid, is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information from DNA and directs protein synthesis. |
Structure | DNA has a double helix structure, consisting of two complementary strands of nucleotides that are held together by hydrogen bonds. | RNA has a single-stranded structure, consisting of a sequence of nucleotides that are linked by covalent bonds. |
Nucleotides | DNA is made up of four types of nucleotides: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). | RNA is made up of four types of nucleotides: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U). |
Sugar | The sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, which lacks an oxygen molecule on its second carbon. | The sugar in RNA is ribose, which has an oxygen molecule on its second carbon. |
Stability | DNA is more stable than RNA, and is able to withstand a wider range of temperatures and chemical conditions. | RNA is less stable than DNA, and is more prone to degradation and damage. |
Function | DNA stores and transmits genetic information, and serves as a blueprint for the synthesis of proteins. | RNA carries genetic information from DNA and directs protein synthesis. |
Types | There is only one type of DNA in organisms. | There are three main types of RNA in organisms: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). |
Location | DNA is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, and in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells. | RNA is located in the cytoplasm of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. |
Replication | DNA replication is a complex process that involves the unwinding of the double helix and the synthesis of two new complementary strands. | RNA replication is a simpler process that involves the synthesis of a single strand of RNA from a DNA template. |
Transcription | DNA is transcribed into RNA by RNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides to the growing RNA strand according to the DNA template. | RNA is transcribed into proteins by ribosomes, which use the information in the mRNA sequence to synthesize a protein. |
Stability | DNA is a stable molecule that can remain unchanged for long periods of time. | RNA is a less stable molecule that is more prone to degradation and damage. |
Mutation | DNA mutations can occur through various mechanisms, including errors in replication and exposure to mutagenic agents. | RNA mutations can also occur, but are typically less significant than DNA mutations because RNA is often rapidly degraded and replaced. |
Functionality | DNA is not functional on its own, but serves as a template for the synthesis of RNA and proteins. | RNA is functional on its own, and plays a critical role in protein synthesis and other cellular processes. |
Gene Expression | DNA serves as the blueprint for gene expression, and determines the traits and characteristics of an organism. | RNA plays a critical role in gene expression by carrying the genetic information from DNA and directing protein synthesis. |
Ribose | DNA does not contain ribose, but instead contains deoxyribose. | RNA contains ribose as its sugar molecule. |
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