A sentence is a group of words that contains at least a subject and a verb and makes complete sense by itself.
Note: (i) The first letter of the first word in a sentence is always capital.
Example: Maruf is a student.
In the above sentence, the first letter of the first word Maruf is capital.
(ii) Punctuation mark is used according to the mode of expression.
Examples:
They play football.
Respect your teachers.
Are you reading a book?
How fine the pen is!
The above five sentences give five different meanings and accordingly, punctuation marks have been used at the end of each sentence.
The full stop is used at the end of assertive, imperative, and optative sentences.
In an exclamatory statement, the note of exclamation is applied.
Note of interrogation is used at the end of an interrogative sentence.
Based on meaning there are five kinds of sentences: They are
(1) Assertive sentence
Shila is a very sincere student. She always stands first. This year also she topped the list. Her mother decided to give her a nice present. Her mother brought them for her. You are welcome- give an affirmative statement.
The sentence she never wastes time gives a negative statement. So, the above sentences are assertive.
(2) Interrogative sentence
What do you want me to buy a gift for you?
This sentence asks questions. So, this sentence is an Interrogative Sentence.
(3) Imperative sentence
Bring some pencils and pens, please. Thank you, mum. These two sentences express requests and thanks respectfully. So, they are imperative sentences.
(4) Optative sentence
Example: May you be happy- this expresses a wish. So, this is an optative sentence
(5) Exclamatory sentence
What beautiful pencils and pens they are! - This sentence expresses joy. So, this is an exclamatory sentence.
|
Assertive
|
Interrogative
|
|
Imperative
|
Optative
|
Exclamatory
|
Types of Sentence
1. Assertive Sentence
An assertive sentence is a sentence that makes a statement.
Note: (i) In an assertive sentence subject is always in the present tense and generally sits before the verb. Structure: Subject + verb + other words, (if any)
Kinds of Assertive Sentence
There are two major kinds of statements. They are:
(1) Affirmative sentence
(2) Negative sentence
In the above dialogue, the following statements are affirmative because they express affirmative statements.
The following sentences are negative since they express negative statements.
I'm not at all fine. There is nothing right. I could not study for a single moment.
2. Interrogative Sentence
A sentence that asks a question is called an interrogative sentence.
Note: In an interrogative sentence
(i) Auxiliary verb is placed before the subject.
Structure: Auxiliary verb + subject + main verb + rest (if any) + question mark.
Example: Is he reading?
(ii) Do, does, and did are also used before the subject of an interrogative sentence.
Examples:
Affirmative: He takes exercises regularly.
Interrogative: Does he take regular exercise?
Affirmative: They play cricket daily.
Interrogative: Do they play cricket daily?
Affirmative: We went to college yesterday.
Interrogative: Did we go to college yesterday?
(iii) Sometimes an interrogative word (who, which, what, why, when, where, whom, whose, how) is used at the beginning of an interrogative sentence. When a sentence starts with any of these wh-words, a full answer is required-not a short yes/no answer.
Structure: Question word + verb + subject + rest (in any) + question mark.
Example: What is your name?
Answer: My name is Rita.
(iii) Note of interrogation (?) is used at the end of an interrogative sentence.
3. Imperative Sentence
The sentence that expresses order, advice, request, proposal, prohibition, etc. imperative sentence.
is called
Note : (ii) In an imperative sentence subject 'you" remains implied, (you) Shut the door.
But the objective form of first-person and third-person are used when an imperative sentence
begins with "Let".
Examples: Let me sing a song, (me = first-person objective form)
Let him do the work (him = third-person objective form)
Let us go out (us = first-person objective form)
Let them do the work, (them = third-person objective form)
Let her recite the poem, (her = third-person objective form)
|
Subjective form
|
Objective form
|
|
I we he she they
|
me us him her them
|
(iii) Please/kindly sits at the beginning, or the end of an imperative sentence when it expresses; request. Examples :
Close the door, please. Or, please, close the door. Kindly help me. Or, Help me, kindly.
Please / Kindly express a request
[Note: If "please" or "kindly" is used at the end of a sentence, a comma is used before it.
Kinds of Imperative Sentence
There are mainly two types of imperative sentences. They are (1) Affirmative (2) Negative
Imperative sentence
|
Affirmative
|
Negative
|
|
Close the door. Post the letter.
|
Don't close the door. Don't post the letter.
|
4. Optative Sentence
May you be happy, (wish)
May Allah bless you. (blessing)
May you pass the examination, (prayer)
The above sentences express wash, blessing, and prayer respectively.
The sentence that expresses wish, prayer, blessing etc.is called optative sentence
5. Exclamatory Sentence
An exclamatory Sentence expresses the sudden feeling of mind, surprise, joy, sorrow, etc. of the speaker. Similarly, the underlined sentences in the above passage express the speaker's joy, emotion, and sorrow. So they are Exclamatory Sentences.
The sentence that expresses the sudden feeling of mind, surprise, joy, sorrow, etc. is called an exclamatory sentence.
Note: (i) An exclamatory sentence begins with what / how / alas / hurrah etc.
(ii) If an exclamatory sentence begins with What/How note of exclamation is used at the end of the sentence.
Examples: What a fine garden it is! How fine the garden is!
(iii) If an exclamatory sentence begins with Alas/Hurrah etc., the note of exclamation is used just after them.
Examples: Hurrah! We have won the game. Alas! I am undone.
(iv) If an exclamatory sentence begins with what, a/an is used after what. But a/an is not used if an exclamatory sentence begins with how.
(v) What is used with a noun - not with an adjective or an adverb?
Examples: What a beautiful bird it is!
How beautiful she is!